chemically   neutral   base,   usually   cellulose   or polymer plastic. FILM SPEED—  See ISO. FILTER— (1) In photography, a layer of colored glass, gelatin or other material used to alter the character- istics of light before it reaches the film. (2) In radio and television, an electronic circuit designed to pass only selected audio frequencies while eliminating all  others. FILTER,  COLOR  COMPENSATING—  A filter used to change the overall color balance of photographic results obtained with color film and to compensate for  deficiencies  in  the  quality  of  the  light  when printing color films. FILTERS, KODAK WRATTEN™— A line of filters used in black-and-white photography. FIVE Ws, THE—  The who, what, when, where, why (and sometimes how) that a journalist attempts to answer in writing a summary lead. FIXER— A solution used to remove undeveloped silver halides from photosensitized emulsions. The fixer usually contains sodium or ammonium thiosulfate, a hardening agent, and an acid or acid salt. FLAG— A newspaper device used to indicate section pages or special pages, such as editorial, sports and family pages. FLASH— See ELECTRONIC  FLASH. FLOOR MANAGER— In television, a member of the studio  production  team  who  is  in  charge  of  all activities on the studio floor. The floor manager’s main responsibility is to communicate instructions from the director to the talent using hand signals. FLOPPY DISK DRIVE— A secondary storage device that uses a removable magnetic disk (floppy disk). FLUSH— To place copy even with the column margin on either the left or right. Usually designated “flush left” or “flush right.” FOCAL  LENGTH—   The  distance  from  the  optical center  of  the  lens  to  the  focal  plane  (film  plane) when  the  camera  is  focused  upon  an  object  at infinity. FOCAL  PLANE—  The  surface  (plane)  on  which  an axial  image  transmitted  by  a  lens  is  brought  to sharpest focus. FOCAL POINT—  A point on a newspaper page where the  reader  normally  looks  for  the  most  important story. FOCUS—  To adjust the position of either the lens or focusing screen in a camera or projector to secure the sharpest possible image of the object. FOLIO LINE— A newspaper’s identification line on each  page. FOLLOW-UP STORY—  A story written to update the developments  of  a  previous  story. FOOTCANDLE— A basic measurement used to gauge the intensity of light. FORMAL  BALANCE  DESIGN—  A   traditional front-page newspaper design pattern in which the page is divided in half vertically and each element on one side of the vertical centerline is duplicated by the same treatment of elements at the same point on the opposite side. FOUR-UNIT HEADING—  In radio and television, the portion of the broadcast scrip/release that contains the slugline, date, copy length and release line. It is located below the administrative information. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT, THE— A law established  to  give  the  public  the  right  to  access records  of  the  executive  branch  of  the  federal government. FRONT LIGHTING— In still photography, the type of lighting effect created when the sun is in back of the photographer. f/STOP—  A  numbered  diaphragm  opening  through which light enters the camera; f/stops are usually calibrated to change the amount of light by a factor of two times with each succeeding number. GAIN— The level of amplification for video or audio signals. GAIN CONTROL—  See POT. GALLEY PROOF— The initial copy of a typeset story used  for  proofreading  and  annotating  typesetter errors. GRADUATE—  A container for liquids marked off to measure various volumes. GROUND GLASS—  A sheet of glass with a grained or matte  (translucent)  surface,  such  as  a  focusing screen or a diffusing screen. HALFTONE—   The   technique   used   to   reproduce photographs   or   drawings   with   tonal   qualities AI-7