When  a  series  carries  only  the  family  name,  with  no adjectives  indicating  variations  in  width,  weight  or angle,   assume   that   the   type   is   normal.   The   usual distinction  is  between  big  letters  (called  display  or headline  type)  and  small  letters  (called  body  or  text type). Type Font Type font is the next category and has all the letters, numbers and characters necessary to set copy in one size of type. However, a modern newspaper uses either one or two families of compatible type to achieve variety in the series choice and point size. INITIAL   LETTERS Initial  letters  are  large,  ornate  capital  letters  that  are sometimes used at the beginning of a paragraph to dress up the page and add white space. They come in all sorts of styles. When an initial letter is used, the remainder of the word it begins is generally capitalized. You may use either regular capital letters or slightly smaller capitals of the same style of type. ORNAMENTS Ornaments,   such   as   stars   (called   “dingbats”   in publisher’s lingo) and dots (called “bullets”): are used to  add  interest  and  beauty  to  a  job.  When  using ornaments,  you  should  always  select  something  that goes well with the style of type you are using. Above all, do not overdo them. Fancy types and decorations should be used only if they make your newspaper page more effective.  Decoration,  just  for  decoration’s  sake,  was abandoned at the turn of the century in favor of simple harmony and balance. BORDERS You should select borders with the same care you use  to  select  a  typeface,  because  the  same  general principles of typography apply. Figure 8-17 shows some typical ornaments and borders. A study of type size and classifications could take up an entire book. The basics presented here will help you both in preparing an attractive publication and in conversing   with   the   publisher.   For   all   practical purpose,  all  you  have  to  know  is  the  answer  to  the question, “What kind of type is available tome?” A trip to your publisher or local printshop will give you that answer. 8-18 Figure  8-17.—Ornaments  and  borders. NEWSPAPER  MAKEUP LEARNING   OBJECTIVE:   Recognize   the objectives of ship or station newspaper makeup and the techniques used to meet them. “Newspaper makeup” is defined as the design of a newspaper   page   or   the   manner   in   which   pictures, headlines and news stories are arranged on a page. The objectives of newspaper makeup areas follows: . To indicate the importance of the news l To make the page easy to read l To make the page attractive FRONT-PAGE FOCAL POINT Each  page  of  a  newspaper  has  a  focal  point  —  a point on the page to which the reader normally looks for the most important story. Any area can be the final point, depending  on  the  chosen  design.  Advertisements  can also  dictate  the  focal  points  of  the  inside  pages  of  a newspaper. On  the  front  page  of  some  daily  newspapers,  the focal  point  is  often  in  the  upper  right-hand  corner  a now-dated practice that reflects the style of a bygone era.  Americans,  although  trained  to  read  from  left  to right and top to bottom, greatly altered this pattern for many  years  with  respect  to  their  newspaper  reading habits.  Through  the  use  of  banner  headlines  that extended more than half the width of the page, readers were trained to seek the upper right-hand corner of the front  page.  Newspaper  readers  begin  their  reading  by following  the  banner  headline  across  the  page  and continuing   down   the   right-hand   side   of   the   page. Therefore,   many   newspaper   readers   have   come   to expect the most important story in each issue to appear or touch in the upper right-hand corner of the front page. The  right-hand  focal  point  is  not  as  important  to makeup editors as in the past, since fewer newspapers use banner headlines on the lead story. However, many