Line Original–A document or drawing consisting essentially of two tones (such as black and white, black  and  tinted,  or  brown  and  buff)  without intermediate  tones. Continuous-Tone  Original–Materials  in  which  the  detail and tone values of the subject are reproduced by an infinite gradation of gray densities between white and  black Copy Negative–A photographic film negative made as an intermediate from which prints are made. Reproduction–The duplication of original copy by any photographic   process. Copyboard–The  board,  easel,  frame,  or  other  device  for holding  originals  to  be  copied. Reflex  Copying–A  method  of  contact  printing  in  which light  passes  through  the  sensitized  paper  and emulsion,  strikes  the  material  being  copied,  and reflects back to the emulsion, producing a reversed reproduction  of  the  original. Restoration-Copying  old,  faded,  or  damaged  material to  produce  a  more  presentable  or  legible  copy. Duplicating-Producing  copies  of  negatives  or  slides  for use instead of the originals. Intermediate Positive-A positive transparency of a negative  used  for  making  more  negatives. Intermediate  Negative  (Interneg)–A  negative  made from a positive transparency that is then used to make  reflection  prints. COPYRIGHT On January 1, 1978, a new copyright statute came into effect in the United States. Some highlights from the law are given here. For specific details about the law or to gain copies of the statute and regulations, send a specific  written  request  to  the  following:  Copyright Office,  Library  of  Congress,  Washington,  DC  20559. Copyright  Protection Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to the authors of “original works of authorship” including photographs. This protection  is  available  to  both  published  and unpublished works. The Copyright Act generally gives the owner of the copyright the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do the following: To  reproduce  the  copyrighted  work 8-2 To prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted  work To distribute copies of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership or by rental, lease, or lending To display the copyrighted work publicly in the case   of   literary,   musical,   dramatic,   and choreographic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other photographic work It is illegal for anyone to violate the rights provided to an owner of a copyright. These rights, however, are not unlimited in scope. The Copyright Act establishes limitations  on  these  rights.  In  some  cases,  these limitations are specified exemptions from copyright liability. Generally however, it is unlawful to reproduce, without written consent of the copyright owner, any material bearing a notice of copyright. The guiding rule in copying is to secure written permission from the copyright owner before starting work What  Is  Protected Copyright protection exists for original works of authorship when they become fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation does not need to be directly perceptible, so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a machine or device. Copyrightable works include the  following  categories: Literary  works Musical  works,  including  any  accompanying words Dramatic  works,  including  any  accompanying music Pantomimes  and  choreographic  works Pictorial,  graphic,  and  sculptural  works Motion pictures and other imaging works and sound  recordings This list is illustrative and is not inclusive of the cate- gories  of  copyrightable  works.  These  categories  should be viewed quite broadly. What  Is  Not  Protected Several categories of material are generally not eligible for statutory copyright protection. Among others  include  the  following: