and lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources Where copyright protection applies, it is available to   both   published   and   unpublished   works.   The Copyright Act generally gives the owner the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do the following: To reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords (phonorecords, for the purpose of this  section,  refers  to  material  objects  embodying fixations of sounds, such as cassette tapes, CDs or LPs) To  prepare  derivative  works  based  upon  the copyrighted  work To   distribute   copies   or   phonorecords   of   the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer   of   ownership   or   by   rental,   lease   or lending To perform the copyrighted work publicly in the case   of   literary,   musical,   dramatic   and choreographic   works,   pantomimes,   motion pictures and other audiovisual works To display the copyrighted work publicly in the case   of   literary,   musical,   dramatic   and choreographic works, pantomimes and pictorial, graphic   or   sculptural   works,   including   the individual  images  of  a  motion  picture  or  other audiovisual work LIMITATIONS It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided  to  the  owner  of  copyright  by  the  act.  These rights,  however,  are  not  unlimited  in  scope.  In  some cases, these limitations are specified exemptions from copyright   liability. One major limitation is the doctrine of “fair use,” which is now given a statutory basis by section 107 of the act, which states: the fair use of a copyright work, including   such   use   by   reproduction   in   copies   or phonorecords   or   by   any   other   means   specified   (in section 106 of the act), for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship or research is not an  infringement  of  copyright.  In  determining  whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use, you should consider the following factors: 1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether  such  use  is  of  a  commercial  nature  or  is  for nonprofit educational purposes 2. The nature of the copyrighted work 3.  The  amount  and  substantiality  of  the  portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole 4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work In other instances, the limitation takes the form of a “compulsory license” under which certain limited uses of  copyrighted  works  are  permitted  upon  payment  of specified  royalties  and  compliance  with  statutory conditions. INFRINGEMENT To use any of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner   without   permission   is   an   infringement   of copyright. Infringement is in violation of the law, and as such, it is punishable by the courts. The  owner  of  a  copyright,  upon  proving  that  an infringement has occurred, can expect to recover from the offender any monetary loss suffered as well as any profit realized by the offender due to the infringement. 10-10 When  a  copyright  is  infringed  by  or  for  the  U.S. government,  the  exclusive  remedy  of  the  copyright owner  is,  with  the  government’s  permission,  to  bring suit against the United States in the Court of Claims. Government employees, including military personnel, are  not  personally  liable  for  copyright  infringement occurring in the performance of their official duties. In cases  involving  Navy  personnel,  claims  of  copyright infringement  may  be  settled  before  the  time  suit  is brought  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  or  his  duly authorized representative, the Chief of Naval Research or  his  designee. To avoid the possibility of infringement, the best policy is to request permission from the owner before using any copyrighted material. The basic guidance for the  procedures  to  be  followed  in  obtaining  copyright permission   is   contained   in   Permission   to   Copy Materials Subject to Copyright, SECNAVINST 5870.5 series, which covers the use of copyrighted materials in Navy  publications,  motion  pictures,  audiotapes,  and videotapes and similar works. USE OF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Any   material   published   by   or   for   the   U.S. government, or any reprint in whole or in part thereof,