works   consisting   primarily   of   one   or   more   U.S. government works has been eliminated. However, use of the copyright notice for these works is still strongly recommended. The use of a notice on such a work will defeat a claim of innocent infringement, as previously described,  provided  the notice also includes a statement that identifies one of the following: l Those portions of the work in which copyright is claimed. l  Those  portions  that  constitute  U.S.  government material. Note the following example: ©  1993  Jack  Crevalle.  Copyright  claimed in Chapters 7-10, exclusive of U.S. government maps. Works published before March 1, 1989, that consist primarily of one or more works of the U.S. government must bear a notice and the identifying statement. UNPUBLISHED  WORKS The copyright notice is not required on unpublished works.  To  avoid  an  inadvertent  publication.  without notice, however, it may be advisable for the author or other  owner  of  the  copyright  to  affix  notices  to  any copies or phonorecords that leave his control. CORRECTING  ERRORS  AND  OMISSIONS Unlike  the  law  that  was  in  effect  before  1978, sections 405 and 406 in the new Copyright Act provide procedures  for  correcting  errors  and  omissions  of  the copyright notice on works published on or after January 1, 1978, and before March 1, 1989. Generally,   the   omission   or   error   does   not automatically  invalidate  the  copyright  in  a  work  if registration  for  the  work  has  been  made  before,  or  is made  within  five  years  after  the  publication  without notice.   Also,   to   add   the   notice   to   all   copies   or phonorecords  distributed  to  the  public  in  the  United States  after  the  omission  has  been  discovered,  a reasonable effort is required. Before   1978   (as   a   condition   for   copyright protection),  the  copyright  law  required  all  copies published  with  the  authorization  of  the  copyright  owner to  bear  a  proper  notice.  When  a  work  was  published under  the  copyright  owner’s  authority  before  January  1, 1978, without a proper copyright notice, all copyright protection  for  that  work  was  permanently  lost  in  the United States. The new copyright law does not provide retroactive protection for those works. COPYRIGHT  REGISTRATION LEARNING   OBJECTIVE:   Recognize   the procedures used to obtain a copyright and the rules that apply to the copyright owner. Generally, copyright registration is a legal formality intended to make a public record of the basic facts of a particular  copyright.  However,  except  in  one  specific situation,  registration  is  not  a  condition  of  copyright protection. That exception is contained in sections 405 and  406  of  the  Copyright  Act.  The  act  provides  that copyright  registration  may  be  required  to  preserve  a copyright that would otherwise be invalidated because of   the   omission   of   the   copyright   notice   from   the published copies or phonorecords, omission of the name or date or a certain error in the year date. Even  though  registration  is  not  generally  a requirement for protection, the copyright law provides several   inducements   or   advantages   to   encourage copyright owners to register. Some of these advantages . l l l l are as follows: Registration  establishes  a  public  record  of  the copyright  claim. Before an infringement suit maybe filed in court, registration  is  necessary  for  works  of  U.S.  origin and for foreign works not originating in a Berne Union  country. If   made   before   or   within   five   years   of publication,   registration   will   establish   prima facie  evidence  in  court  of  the  validity  of  the copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate. If registration is made within three months after publication of the work or before an infringement of  the  work,  statutory  damages  and  attorney’s fees will be available to the copyright owner in court actions. Otherwise, only an award of actual damages  and  profits  is  available  to  the  copyright owner. Registration may be made at any time within the life of the copyright. Unlike the law before 1978, when a work has been registered in unpublished form, another registration is not necessary when the work is published, although the copyright owner may register the published edition,  if  desired. 10-14