becomes difficult to get the entire subject in sharp focus. In some cases, the copyboard of the camera is a bed with a hinged glass cover. ‘The original to be copied is placed on the bed and the glass cover is closed When the cover is closed, the bed squeezes the original against the glass cover to flatten and hold it in place. Reference lines are generally marked on the felt or rubber surface of the copyboard to aid in centering and aligning the cow. When the copyboard does not have these lines, draw your own on the copyboard or on a piece of paper and fasten it to the copyboard. Some  copyboards  have  a  vacuum  pump  that provides suction to hold the copy flat to the copyboard. This eliminates the need for a glass cover. After the copy is placed on the copyboard, the pump is turned on and the  vacuum  holds  the  original  in  place. When the copyboard does not have a vacuum pump or glass cover, originals can be held in place with pushpins. When it is not permissible to put holes in the edges of the original, then double-sided tape may be an alternative. When the copyboard is made of steel, the original can be held in place with bar magnets. When a camera is not equipped with a copyboard and for occasional work, a copyboard can be made from a sheet of softwood or cork. The surface should be painted  flat  black,  never  white.  A  white,  or  even light-colored copyboard, reflects too much light into the camera lens, causing flare and troublesome reflections. Flare  causes  a  loss  in  contrast  and  extra  compression  of the  shadows.  A  black  copyboard  minimizes  flare. Always keep the glass of a copyboard clean. Dust it with a clean camel-hair brush and clean it with a soft cloth and glass cleaner. Never use dirty rags or razor blades to clean the glass. They may scratch it. When you have to scrape the glass, use your fingernail or an orange stick. LIGHTING EQUIPMENT Almost any type of light can be used for copy work, provided the intensity of the light is enough to prevent excessively   long   exposures.   Another   principle requirement of the light source is to produce a light with a color temperature suitable for the type of film being used. Tungsten  Lamps Tungsten lamps 3200 K and 3400 K are suitable for normal black-and-white copy work When a reflector type of bulb is used, the need for external reflectors is eliminated. A lens shade should be used with a reflector type of bulb because the built-in reflector does not extend the full length of the bulb, and stray light may reach the lens and cause flare. Lamps such as 3400 K are not as economical to use as 3200 K lamps because of their short life (4 to 6 hours). Fluorescent   Lights When fluorescent tubes are used to light an original, they should be arranged to form a square-the sides of which are parallel to the edges of the copyboard. The size of the tubes and their distance from the copyboard are governed by the size of the original to be copied. Because this type of lighting setup is not easy to adjust, it is best used when the size of the originals to be copied does not vary much from one to another. Because of its diffused nature, fluorescent lighting is suitable for copying originals with a textured surface that must be eliminated in the finished print. Regular fluorescent lights  should  not  be  used  when  shooting  color  film because it is difficult to color correct them accurately. Special fluorescent lamps with a high color-rendering index (CRI) should be used whenever possible. When ordinary  fluorescent  lamps  are  used,  consult  the Photo-Lab-Index  to determine what filter should be used as a starting point for the type of film you are using. Electronic  Flash When used properly, electronic flash units are an excellent  light  source  for  copy  photography.  An electronic  flash  unit  allows  for  extremely  short exposures that can be helpful for shipboard photolabs when the ship is underway. The flash unit is balanced for daylight color film and does not produce the heat associated  with  tungsten  or  quartz  bulbs. Unless  specifically  designed  for  copy  work  and attached to the copyboard, electronic flash lamps may be difficult to position for proper illumination of the original. The task can be made easier if you use studio electronic flash units with built-in tungsten modeling lights. With this type of lighting unit, the modeling light can be used to position the lights accurately for even illumination of the original. Even with this, the light may have to be heavily diffused to prevent “hot spots.”  A hot spot is a surface area that receives too much light, causing  an  unwanted  reflection  that  is  noticeable  in  the final  copy  product. 8-9