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How Long Copyright Protection Lasts
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Photography (Basic) - Introduction to photography and other graphic techniques
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The United States is a member of the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC). Generally, a work by a national or resident of a country that is a member of the UCC, or a work first published in a UCC country, may claim  protection  under  the  UCC. Works of the United States Government Works produced for the U. S. Government by its officers and employees as part of their official duties are not subject to U.S. copyright protection. The law makes it clear that this prohibition applies to unpublished works as well as published ones. Fair Use U.S.  copyright  laws  specifically  recognizes  the principle of “fair use” as a limitation on the exclusive rights of copyright owners. The law considers factors in determining  whether  particular  uses  fall  within  this category. Listed below are the minimum standards of educational fair use of copyrighted works under the law. The guidelines are not intended to limit the types of copying permitted under the standards of fair use. I. SINGLE COPYING FOR TEACHERS: A single copy may be made of any of the following by or for a teacher at his or her individual request for his or  her  scholarly  research  or  use  in  teaching  or preparation  to  teach  a  class: A. A chapter from a book B. An article from a periodical or newspaper C.   A short story, short essay, or short poem whether or not it is from a collective work D. A chart, graph, diagram, drawing, cartoon, or picture  from  a  book,  periodical,  or  newspaper. II. MULTIPLE COPIES FOR CLASSROOM USE: Multiple copies (not to exceed in any event more than one copy per pupil in a course) may be made by or for the teacher giving the course for classroom use or discussion  provided  that: A.  The  copying  meets  the  test  of  brevity  and spontaneity  as  defined  below;  and, B. Meets the cumulative effect test as defined below;  and, C.   Each  copy  includes  a  notice  of  copyright. III. PROHIBITIONS AS TO I AND II ABOVE: Notwithstanding any of the above, the following shall be prohibited: A. Copying shall not be used to create or to replace or substitute for anthologies, compilations, or collective works.  Such  replacement  or  substitution  may  occur whether copies of various works or excerpts therefrom are  accumulated  or  are  reproduced  and  used  separately. B. There shall be no copying of or from works intended to be “consumable” in the course of study or of teaching. These include workbooks, exercises, standardized tests, and test booklets and answer sheets and  like  consumable  material. C. Copying shall not: 1.  substitute  for  the  purchase  of  books, publisher’s  reprints,  or  periodicals; 2. be directed by higher authority; and 3. be repeated with respect to the same item by the same teacher from term to term. D. No charge shall be made to the student beyond the actual cost of the photocopying. Each  Navy  photo  lab  should  have  a  copy  of SECNAVINST  5870.5,  Permission  to  use  Copyrighted Materials   in   the   Department   of   the   Navy.  All Photographer’s Mates should be familiar with its general content. It should be the basic instruction you should use when the question of copyright comes up. Here  are  a  few  excerpts  from  the  instruction: “As a general proposition, copyrighted works may not be used without permission of the copyright owner. Unauthorized use is a copy- right infringement, . . the U.S. Government has no  general  exemption  from  copyright  infringe- ment  liability.  Government  employees  are  not, however,  personally  liable  for  copyright infringement occurring in the performance of their  official  duties.” “. . . it is a criminal offense to remove or alter any notice of copyright appearing on a . . . copyrighted work, . . .” COPY   RESTRICTIONS Federal laws regulating photography are intended to  prevent  counterfeiting  and  fraud  and  are  located generally in Title 18 of the United States Code. Designated government officials are charged with safeguarding the nation’s currency. It is the belief of the United States Secret Service that granting permission to photograph and reproduce pictures of money, in color, 8-4







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