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Projection Printing - 14130_224
Still Digital Photography

Journalist 3 & 2 - Introduction to Journalism and other reporting practices
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Figure  11-32.—Condenser  enlarger. Figure  11-33.—Diffusion  enlarger. is   ventilated   to   prevent   excessive   lamp   heat   from damaging  the  negative.  Some  enlargers  have  blowers  to circulate air and cool the inside of the lamp housing. The  negative  carrier  used  in  an  enlarger  may  be either  a  dustless  type  or  a  glass  sandwich  type.  The dustless type of carrier is made of two metal plates with an  opening  in  the  center  large  enough  to  hold  the negative. The negative is placed between these plates and held in position by its edges. This type of carrier is good for negatives 4 x 5 inches or smaller since these negatives  are  stiff  enough  to  remain  flat.  The  glass sandwich type of carrier is a holder where the negative is  placed  between  two  sheets  of  glass.  This  type  of holder  is  used  for  larger  negatives  since  they  have  a tendency to sag in the center if they are not supported by glass. The lens used in an enlarger should have an angle of field large enough to cover the negative being printed. A lens with a focal length approximately equal to the diagonal  of  the  largest  negative  to  be  printed  will provide sufficient angle of field. The  bellows  of  an  enlarger  should  be  capable  of extending  at  least  twice  the  lens  focal  length.  This amount of bellows extension is necessary for making 1:1  reproductions.  Although  it  is  possible  to  make reductions  to  any  desired  size,  the  bellows  on  most enlargers   cannot   be   extended   far   enough   to   make reductions smaller than 1:1. Smaller reductions can be made by using a longer final-length lens, but a better method  is  to  use  a  reducing  attachment.  A  reducing attachment   consists   of   a   section   of   supplementary bellows fitted with a longer focal-length lens. MAKING  ENLARGEMENT  PRINTS The  darkroom  arrangement  for  enlarging  is essentially  the  same  as  for  contact  printing.  The safelights should be appropriate for the type of paper being printed. The size of the prints may require larger trays and greater amounts of solution, but they should be setup in the sink the same as for contact printing. For  good  enlargements,  good  negatives,  a  clean enlarger,  clean  printing  filters,  correct  exposure  and development, and careful processing and finishing are necessary. Although most any negative can be printed by  projection,  there  are  a  few  characteristics  that  are desirable.  A  good  negative  has  normal  density  and contrast. It must be sharp and free from such defects as scratches, abrasions, dust, lint and fingerprints. 11-37







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