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Journalist 3 & 2 - Introduction to Journalism and other reporting practices
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For  works  first  published  on  and  after  March  1, 1989,  use  of  the  copyright  notice  is  optional,  though highly recommended. Before March 1, 1989, the use of the notice was mandatory on all published works, and any work first published before that date must bear a notice  or  risk  loss  of  copyright  protection.  (The Copyright Office does not take a position on whether works first published with notice before March 1, 1989, and  reprinted  and  distributed  on  and  after  March  1, 1989, must bear the copyright notice.) Use  of  the  notice  is  recommended  because  it informs  the  public  that  the  work  is  protected  by copyright, identifies the copyright owner, and shows the year of first publication. Additionally, in the event that a work is infringed, if the work carries a proper notice, the court will not allow a defendant to claim “innocent infringement” — that is, that he did not realize the work is protected (a successful innocent infringement claim may result in a reduction in damages that the copyright owner would otherwise receive). The  use  of  the  copyright  notice  is  the  responsibility of  the  copyright  owner  and  does  not  require  advance permission  from,  or  registration  with,  the  Copyright O f f i c e . FORM OF NOTICE FOR VISUALLY PERCEPTIBLE  COPIES The  notice  for  visually  perceptible  copies  should contain the following three elements: l l . . l The symbol © (the letter C in a circle), the word “Copyright” or the abbreviation “Copr.” The year of first publication of the work.  In the case  of  compilations  or  derivative  works incorporating previously published material, the year date of first publication of the compilation or  derivative  work  is  sufficient.  The  year  date may  be  omitted  where  a  pictorial,  graphic  or sculptural   work,   with   accompanying   textual matter,  if  any,  is  reproduced  in  or  on  greeting cards, postcards, stationery, jewelry, dolls, toys or any useful articles. The  name  of  the  owner  of  copyright  in  the work, an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized   or   a   generally   known   alternative designation  of  the  owner.  Note  the  following example: © 1993 Jack Crevalle The  “C  in  a  circle”  notice  is  required  only  on “visually perceptible copies.” Certain kinds of works, for example, musical, dramatic and literary works, may be fixed not in “copies” but by means of sound in an audio  recording.  Since  audio  recordings,  such  as audiotapes and phonograph discs, are “phonorecords” and  not  “copies,”  there  is  no  requirement  that  the phonorecord bear a “C in a circle” notice to protect the underlying  musical,  dramatic  or  literary  work  that  is recorded. FORM OF NOTICE FOR PHONORECORDS OF SOUND RECORDINGS The  copyright  notice  for  phonorecords  of  sound recordings  has  somewhat  different  requirements.  The notice  appearing  on  phonorecords  should  contain  the following three elements: l The symbol  @ (the letter  P in a circle) l  The  year  of  first  publication   of   the   sound recording Q  The  name  of  the  owner  of  copyright   in  the sound recording, or an abbreviation by which the name can  be  recognized,  or  a  generally  known  alternative designation  of  the  owner.  When  the  producer  of  the sound recording is named on the phonorecord labels or containers  and  when  no  other  name  appears  in conjunction with the notice, the producer’s name should be  considered  a  part  of  the  notice.  Consider  the following example: @ Jack Crevalle POSITION OF NOTICE The  notice  should  be  affixed  to  copies  or  phono- records of the work in such a manner and location as to “give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright.” The notice on phonorecords may appear on the surface of the phonorecord or on the phonorecord label or container, provided  the  manner  of  placement  and  location  gives reasonable notice of the claim. The three elements of the notice should ordinarily appear together on the copies or phonorecords. PUBLICATION  INCORPORATING UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT WORKS Works by the U.S. government are not eligible for copyright protection For works published on and after March  1,  1989,  the  previous  notice  requirement  for 10-13







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