There are definite and clear-cut rules and methods for panning. The very first is PAN ONLY WHEN PANNING  IS  NECESSARY.  Panning  a  camera  without a valid reason produces images that only irritate the viewer. Making  Pans Making  professional-quality  pans  takes  practice and  experience;  however,  you  can  easily  gain  this  skill. One of the first and most important points to remember is to pan slowly and smoothly. Panning appears faster on the screen than it actually is; therefore, camera pans must  be  slow  and  consistent  while  maintaining  a smooth,  steady  panning  motion.  When  panning  a moving object, you must keep pace with the object and allow for subject lead room. Panning too fast may make the viewer dizzy; therefore, it is advisable not to position the camera too close to the subject. The farther the subject is from the camera, the slower the pan required to follow the subject at a given speed. Throughout the entire pan, the camera must be level without up and down wobbling. Whenever possible, rehearse the pan before you actually shoot. Know exactly where and when you want to start and end the pan. Practice the pan several times without recording on tape. Make the pan shot only after you can do it smoothly and accurately. The smoothest and best pans are made with the use of a tripod or other suitable camera support. Good  handheld  pans  are  always  difficult  to  achieve. Before you pan with a tripod, be sure the camera is absolutely  level.  Check  the  camera  for  level  throughout the entire arc of the pan with a spirit bubble level located on top of the tripod head. To produce better pan shots, position yourself comfortably for the end of the pan. Then, keeping your feet in this position, “wind” yourself around to the start pan position. As the pan progresses, "unwind" into the most comfortable position for a smooth stop. When using a tripod, be careful not to bump into the tripod as you are shooting. Tilting  the  Camera Moving a camera up and down vertically is called tilting. Tilting is useful when you want to photograph tall structures in one shot or to follow action, such as a parachute  jumper. Most of the rules that apply to horizontal panning apply equally well to tilting. As with horizontal panning, tilting should be used only when stationary shots cannot accomplish  the  desired  effect. A tilt should be made slowly and smoothly. Know where and when you want to start and end the tilt. Usually, you start and end a tilt with a stationary shot. To photograph a tall building or object, you should normally start the tilt at the bottom and move up. This is the way people naturally look at tall objects. There may be times, however, when you may start a tilt at the top and move down; for example, you might show flames coming out from the top-floor windows of a skyscraper, then tilt down to show the fire trucks arriving. When you are following action with a tilt, the type of action determines the direction of tilt. Also, as with a horizontal pan, you should show enough of the surrounding area so the audience can associate the subject  with  its  location. SHOT  VARIETY One of the great advantages of motion media is that it involves the viewers in the action. Viewers feel that they are there and participating in whatever is happening on the screen. They can be made to feel that they are moving along with the action as it develops, they become even more involved. Changes in the camera angle permit the viewers to see the same subject from several different positions, as though they were moving within the scene. This adds variety and makes the images they see more interesting because something is a little different about each one. However, be careful to keep these camera-angle changes from confusing the viewers. If the changes are so different that they seem to  be  in  other  locations,  the  viewers  lose  their orientation. When choosing the camera angle, be sure you present the subject from the best possible vantage point  and  create  the  proper  psychological  effect. MOVEMENT When you can control the angle at which the action passes across the camera lens axis, your shots will show the apparent speeding up or slowing down action. Objects moving at right angles to the lens (across the lens axis) appear to be moving faster than objects approaching the lens directly or going straight away from it. You can vary the apparent speed of objects by selecting  various  camera  angles. Good motion-media footage needs movement. Movement can take place in front of the camera, of the camera itself, and of course in the picture itself. The 13-12