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Appendix I Glossary - 14209_368
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_370

Photography (Basic) - Introduction to photography and other graphic techniques
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BORAX–Sodium tetraborate, Na2B4O710H2O; a mild alkali  used  as  an  accelerator  in  photographic developers,  particularly  for  fine–grain  effects. BRIGHTNESS RANGE–Variation of light intensities from maximum to minimum. Generally refers to a subject  to  be  photographed.  For  example,  a particular subject may have a range of one to four-that  is,  four  times  the  amount  of  light  is reflected from the brightest highlight as from the least  bright  portion  of  the  subject. BULB  EXPOSURE–An exposure in which the shutter remains  open  as  long  as  the  shutter  release mechanism is depressed. BURNING  IN–In  photographic  printing,  a  technique by which selected areas of the image are given extra exposure, and the rest of the image is protected against  added  exposure. CABLE  RELEASE–A device consisting of a stiff wire encased in an outer flexible covering designed to trip a camera shutter without touching the camera itself. One end is threaded to fit the shutter, and the other  has  a  thumb–operated  plunger. CAMCORDER–A    portable    video    camera    with videotape  recorder  (VTR)  and  a  microphone attached  to  form  a  signal  unit. AI-3 CAMEL-HAIR  BRUSH–Term used to define any brush with superfine, soft bristles used for dusting lenses and front surface mirrors. CAMERA–A lighttight chamber, usually fitted with a lens, through which the image of an object is recorded on a light-sensitive material. CAMERA,  IDENTIFICATION  –A type of still-picture camera used primarily for the making of  identification  photographs. CAMERA, REFLEX–A    camera    containing    a reflecting mirror within the box, so the image may be focused on a ground glass on top of the camera. A single-lens reflex camera has a device to swing the mirror out of the way during the exposure. A twin-lens reflex camera uses two lenses: one for the viewing  image  and  one  for  the  actual picture-making. CAMERA, VIEW–A  tripod-mounted  camera  that  has incorporated into its construction a long bellows, a rising and falling front, horizontal and vertical swing, lateral shift of front and back, and either a reversible or a rotating back The view cameras versatility   is   valuable   for   the   correction   of distortions in architectural, close-up, and illustra- tion  photography. CAPSTAN–An  electrically  driven  roller  that  rotates and transports the videotape past the recorder heads at a precise and fixed speed. CASSETTE–A  light-trapped  metal  or  plastic  container for a length of roll film to enable it to be loaded into a camera in full light. CCD–Charged-coupled device, also called a chip. A small,  solid-state  (silicon  resin)  imaging  device used in a video camera instead of camera pickup tubes. Inside the chip, image-sensing elements translate the optical image into a video signal. Chip cameras  are  insensitive  to  burn  in. CELL,  PHOTOELECTRIC–A device by which light is transformed into electrical energy. Used as the sensitive element in exposure meters and optical sound  reproducers  and  projectors. CENTIGRADE –A  thermometer  scale  having  100 divisions between the freezing and boiling points of water in universal use for scientific purposes. Also called  Celsius  after  its  inventor.  Centigrade temperatures  may  be  converted  to  Fahrenheit temperatures with the following formula: F=9/5C+32 when F  = Fahrenheit temperature and C = Centi- grade temperature. (PIA) CENTIMETER –A unit of length in the metric system which is 0.01 of a meter. According to American standards, 1 inch is equivalent to 2.54 centimeters (cm). (PIA) CHARACTER GENERATOR–An  electronic  device to   create   words   or   graphics   that   may   be electronically inserted or “keyed” over the video picture. CHARACTERISTIC   CURVE–The  curve  showing the  relationship  between  exposure  and  resulting density in a developed photographic image. It is usually  plotted  as  the  density  against  the  log exposure in candle-meter-seconds. Called also the “H. and D. curve” and the “sensitometric curve.” The abscissa is sometimes an arbitrary relative exposure. CHEMICAL  FOG –Fog appearing during development of parts of a film not exposed to light. (PIA)







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