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Appendix I Glossary - 14209_373
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_375

Photography (Basic) - Introduction to photography and other graphic techniques
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camera or projector to secure the sharpest possible image  of  the  object. FOG–Nonimage photographic density. The defect is due either to the action of a stray light, to improperly compounded processing solutions, or to wrongly stored  or  outdated  photographic  materials. FOREGROUND   (PHOTOGRAPHY)–That   part   of the  landscape  imaged  in  a  horizontal  or  oblique photograph that is closer than the principal object to the camera. (ASP) GUIDE NUMBER–Values  assigned  to  photographic flood and flash lamps according to American Standard to rate their light output in terms useful in exposure calculation. The guide number for a particular lamp used with a particular film is divided by the distance in feet from the lamp to the subject to find the f/number. HALATION –A halo or ghost image surrounding the true image of a bright object on a photographic emulsion, caused by reflection of rays of light from the  back  of  the  negative  material. FRAME–(l) Any single exposure contained within a continuous  sequence  of  photographs.  (2)  The smallest unit in television or film-a single picture. A complete scanning cycle of the two fields every l/30 second. A frame equal to 525 scanning lines. FREEZE  FRAME–Arrested motion that is perceived as a still shot. FULL  APERTURE–The maximum opening of a lens diaphragm. (PIA) FULL STOP–The   standard   series   of   diaphragm markings, or stop openings, that are 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 2.8, 4.0, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, 45, 64, 90, and 128. FUZZINESS –Lack of image sharpness caused by a defective  lens,  poor  focus,  movement,  and  so  forth. GAIN–The level of amplification for video or audio signals.  Increasing  the  video  gain  increases  the picture  contrast. AI-8 GENERATION–The number of dubs or copies sway from the original recording. The greater number of generations,  the  greater  loss  of  picture  quality. GRADUATE–A container for liquids marked off to measure various volumes. (PIA) GRAIN–The  discrete  particles  of  image  silver  in photographs. The random distribution of these particles in an area of uniform exposure gives rise to the appearance known as “graininess." GRAININESS–The subjective impression of non- uniformity in an area of a photograph corresponding to uniform exposure, most often noticeable in enlargements with a magnification of 10 or more. GRANULARITY–An objective quantitative measure of  graininess. GROUND GLASS–A sheet of glass with a grained or matte (translucent) surface, a focusing screen, diffusing screen, and so forth. (PIA) HALFTONE–Reproduction of a photograph in which the gradation of tone is reproduced by various sized dots  and  intermittent  white  spaces  caused  by interposing a screen between the lens and the film. (IABPAI) HALIDE–Any compound of chlorine, iodine, bromine, or  fluorine,  and  silver.  Silver  bromide,  silver chloride, and silver iodide are the light-sensitive materials  in  silver  emulsions. HANGER,  FILM–A frame, usually of metal or plastic, for holding one or more photographic films to facilitate  handling  during  processing. HARDENER–A chemical that increases the melting point of gelatin in photographic layers and prevents softening  in  warm-processing  baths.  Hardeners commonly used in photographic processing baths are   aluminum   potassium   sulfate,   chromium potassium sulfate, and formaldehyde solution. (PIA) HAZE–The   presence   of   foreign   matter   in   the atmosphere to an extent sufficient to reduce even slightly  its  transparency. HEAD-ON SHOT–A directionless shot in which the subject comes directly toward the camera. Used to change  screen  direction. HEADS–A small assembly within an audio or video recording system that can erase, record, or playback the  signal  in  electromagnetic  impulses. HELICAL SCAN, OR HELICAL VTR (ALSO CALLED   SLANT   TRACK)–A    videotape recording or a videotape recorder in which the video signal is put on tape in a slanted, diagonal way. Because the tape wraps around the head drum in a spiral-like  configuration,  it  is  called  helical. HIGH-ANGLE SHOT–A  scene  photographed  on  a downward angle; the camera being placed above the action.







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