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Electronic  Still  Cameras

Photography (Advanced) - Advanced manual for photography and other graphic techniques
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Utility   Programs Utility  programs  perform  tasks,  such  as  sorting, merging, and transferring data, from one I/O device to another. They may be separate programs, or they may be included in an operating system to help the user perform these tasks. Text editors may also be included in an operating system so the user can enter, add, delete, or  change  program  statements;  debug  routines  may  also be included to help the user locate errors. APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE Applications   are   those   particular   programs designed to solve individual user problems. These programs can be written by you, the user of a computer system, developed by a central design agency, or they can be purchased from a software firm. Numerous types of applications programs are written. They range from  games  to  word  processing  and  electronic  imaging. ELECTRONIC IMAGE When discussing electronic images, you must become familiar with the term pixel. The word pixel means picture element. A pixel is the smallest picture element that a peripheral device can display on screen. It  is  these  individual  elements  that  construct  the  image. The  quality  of  an  electronic  image  is  determined  by  the pixels of the image—the more pixels per image, the greater the quality of the photograph. A pixel is not an absolute unit, such as a millimeter. A pixel depends on other factors to determine its resolution.  The  image  resolution  depends  on  the number of pixels in a specific area. For example, a 1/2-inch  square  area  containing  270,000  pixels  has better resolution than a 1-inch area having the same number  of  pixels.  However,  resolution  is  not  based solely on the number of pixels. The  resolution  of  electronic  images  depends  on  the size and the total number of individual pixels used to depict a single image. Each pixel can contain only one color or shade of gray. The smaller the pixels (more pixels per image), the closer the image can be viewed before the individual pixels are seen. Likewise, larger pixels may be objectionable. By increasing the number of pixels, you obtain finer detail. When thinking in terms of resolution, you cannot compare pixels to the grain in film. Film resolution is not  directly  comparable  to  electronic-imaging resolution.  Additionally,  different  types  of  imaging hardware use different types of measurements. For example,  some  equipment  describes  resolution  in  pixels and other equipment describes resolution in dots per inch (dpi). Pixels and dpi are not directly related or interchangeable. Another problem in terms of resolution is there are no  established  conversion  standards  for  images captured  on  different  forms.  An  example  where nonstandardization  may  present  a  problem  is  when comparing  images  from  an  analog  camera  to  the products from a digital camera or the image output from an electronic printer or a film recorder. ELECTRONIC-IMAGING WORKSTATION Electronic imaging involves more than simply taking a photograph with an electronic camera. Like conventional  photography,  exposing  the  film  is  not enough. After the image is captured on film, it must be processed  before  the  image  can  be  viewed  as  a  positive transparency or as a negative image that must later be printed to provide a useable positive image. Images that are generated electronically must also be processed, but the methods to make the image visible and   useable   are   completely   different.   On   an electronic-imaging  workstation,  your  "darkroom"  is  a computer  system.  To  operate  an  electronic-imaging workstation,  you  must  have  both  hardware  and software. There are basically five components in an electronic-imaging system; they are the following: some type of input, a computer platform and software, display, storage, and hardcopy output (fig. 3-3). Figure 3-3.—Five basic components to an electronic-imaging system. 3-7







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