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Electronic Flash Lighting
Photographic Filters

Journalist 3 & 2 - Introduction to Journalism and other reporting practices
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Figure  11-15.—Exposure  scale  on  a  flash  unit  (automatic  mode). Figure 11-16.—Exposure scale on a flash unit (manual mode). sunlight), the only consideration is the amount of light reflected  from  the  subject.  The  distance  between  the camera  and  the  subject  has  no  bearing  on  exposure. When the flash is used off the camera, the basic f/stop is still calculated with the flash-to-subject distance. Automatic Electronic Flash Units Most  electronic  flash  units  can  be  operated  in  an automatic  exposure  mode.  An  automatic  flash  unit eliminates the need to determine the correct f/stop for each flash-to-subject distance, providing the subject is within the flash distance range of the flash. On  the  front  of  an  automatic  flash  unit,  a  sensor reads the light reflected from the subject that is produced by  the  flash.  When  this  sensor  is  satisfied  as  to  the amount of light received, it automatically shuts off the flash. The closer the subject is to the lamp, the quicker the sensor shuts off the light. Some automatic electronic flash units allow you to select two or more apertures to control depth of field. To determine an f/stop in the automatic mode, you can use the calculator dial located on the unit. When you match the indicator to an ISO film speed number on the dial (fig. 11-15), the f/stop to be used within a minimum and maximum   distance   is   indicated.   Once   an   f/stop   is selected and set, it is a constant factor regardless of the flash-to-subject  distance,  providing  it  is  within  the  flash distance  range  of  the  unit.  This  feature  allows  a photographer to move closer to or further away from the subject without having to calculate an f/stop for each change of flash-to-subject distance. When the flash unit is in the manual mode, the f/stop must   be   changed   every   time   the   flash-to-subject distance changes. A scale on the flash unit (fig. 11-16) indicates   the   proper   f/stop   to   use   for   the   various distances.  To  determine  the  flash-to-subject  distance  for on-camera  flash,  focus  on  the  subject  and  read  the distance directly from the focusing ring on the camera. Single  Flash You  will  produce  the  majority  of  your  indoor photographs   with   a   single   flash   unit.   Numerous reenlistments, frocking and promotion ceremonies are conducted  indoors  where  the  lighting  conditions  are unfavorable for available light photography. There are various methods in which a single flash can be used to produce  high-quality  professional  photographs  which distinguish you from the amateur snapshooter. On-Camera Flash A flash technique commonly used is that of the flash unit  attached  to  the  camera,  in  synchronization  with  the shutter, and aimed directly at a subject. An advantage of having your flash unit attached to the camera is it gives you the chance to capture the unexpected — the truly candid  shot.  When  spontaneity  sparks  the  action  and quick  camera  handling  is  a  must,  the  fewer  pieces  of equipment you have to worry about or handle, the better. Rather  than  two  pieces  of  gear  (the  camera  and  the flash), you have only one — the camera with the flash attached to it. However, this technique usually produces objectionable shadows behind the subject. 11-15







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