When you are copying a color print to a color negative, the best film to use is Kodak Internegative film.   Because   of   the   inherent   high   contrast   of photographic papers, if not controlled, contrast is gained in   each   generation   of   a   reproduction.   Kodak Internegative film is designed to give greater contrast separation in the highlights without raising the overall subject contrast in the negative. To achieve proper color balance in the shadows, midtones, and highlights, you must perform tests to assure that proper exposure and color  filtration  is  obtained.  The  Photo-Lab  Index contains  the  procedures  necessary  to  accomplish  this testing. Combined Black-and-White Line and Continuous-Tone   Originals When  a  black-and-white  original  contains  both  line and continuous-tone matter, the ideal copy method is to copy each type of matter with an appropriate film separately  and  then  sandwich  the  two  negatives together, or print the two negatives separately on the same piece of paper. The colored lines should be copied with an extremely high contrast film, such as Kodalith Pan,  and  the  pastel-colored  portions  of  the  original should  be  copied  with  a  moderate  contrast  film. When copying the original with only one type of film,  you  loose  quality  in  either  the  lines  or  the continuous tones. For best results, you should copy the combined line and continuous-tone original with a moderate  contrast  film,  such  as  Kodak  Professional Copy film or Kodak Commercial film. Black-and-White  Halftone  Originals A  black-and-white  halftone  original  consists  of  a pattern of black dots of various sizes that represent tones of gray. Examples of halftone originals are printed pictures in newspapers or magazines. Small dots with ample white space between them produce an illusion of a light tone or highlight. Large dots that are close together produce the illusion of dark tones or shadow areas. Because the dots are all the same tone (black), halftone originals can be copied as line originals. This type of original can also be copied as a continuous-tone original, depending on the use of the final product. Reflection  Originals  Specifically Produced  for  Copying When an original is to be used specifically for copying,  you  can  take  certain  measures  to  ensure  better reproduction  results. PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTS.–Black-and-white and  color  prints  produced  for  copying  should  have normal density, color saturation, and a glossy surface. When a non-glossy surface is used, the texture of the surface may be apparent in the copy negative and reproductions. TYPEWRITTEN  MATERIAL.–Typewritten material that is to be copied should be typed with a new typewriter ribbon. A carbon “one time” ribbon is best. To further increase contrast between the type and the paper background, you can place a sheet of carbon paper behind the typing paper. This causes the carbon to be transferred onto the back of the paper during typing. When using a typewriter to produce copy that will be photographed for making 35mm slides, limit your typing to no more than 8 double-spaced lines with 43  elite  or  36  pica  characters  to  a  line.  When photographing typed copy, use a template as a guide for setting up your camera Allow about 1/8 inch of space outside  the  template  lines  in  the  camera  viewfinder. Originals  with  Defects Occasionally, the only record of an event is the original document that through age or use is no longer in its original condition. By use of appropriate corrective measures,  certain  defects  in  originals  can  be  eliminated or  minimized  in  the  reproduction. WRINKLED  OR  CREASED  ORIGINALS.– Reflection originals that are wrinkled or creased can be flattened by placing the original on a mounting board and then in a heated dry-mounting press. Mounting in this manner is permanent and should be considered carefully  before  being  used. Another method you can use to flatten an old photograph is to wet the photograph with water and squeegee it onto a sheet of glass with the emulsion toward the glass. The photograph must be removed from the glass before it dries; otherwise, it may stick to the glass. STAINED  BLACK-AND-WHITE  ORIGINALS.– Usually, transparent stains on black-and-white originals can  be  eliminated  in  the  reproduction  by  using panchromatic film and a filter that is the same color as the stain. Details on eliminating images of stains with filters is discussed in chapter 3. FADED  BLACK-AND-WHITE  PHOTO- GRAPHS  AND  MANUSCRIPTS.– Normally, black- and-white photographs and other types of original documents  that  have  faded  and  are  yellowed  should  be 8-12