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Table 10-1.Negative Defects Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy-Contiuued
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Photography (Basic) - Introduction to photography and other graphic techniques
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Table 10-1.–Negative Defects Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy–Continued Defect Appearance Air  bubbles. Minute  pimples  or  blisters. Cause Develop  by  transferring  the negative from strongly Remedy Use an acid stop bath. concentrated  developer  to  strongly acid  fixing  bath  without thoroughly rinsing after removing it from the developer and before immersing it in the fixing bath. In warm weather, air bubbles may appear even when using solution of normal strength, if rinsing between development and fixation has  been  insufficient. Pitmarks. Fine holes or pits in emulsion. Excessive  alum  in  fixing  bath; Proper fixing and sulfurous  precipitation  from  fixing drying. bath when negatives are fixed in a tray; and film being dried too rapidly. Pinholes. Minute  transparent  spots. Dust on film before exposure. Proper handling of film. Clean camera back  or  film  holders before  use. Reticulation. Leatherlike graininess or Too great of a difference in the Keep all solutions at the wrinkling  of  the  emulsion. temperature of baths or between same   temperature. final wash water and the air in Reticulation  effect  may which the negative is dried. sometimes be removed Gelatin  may  become  badly by  placing  the  negative swollen due to the temperature of in a10-percent solution a solution or wash water, and upon of formaldehyde for a shrinking,  contracts  irregularly few  minutes  and  then due to the metallic silver drying  it  rapidly  with incorporated  in  the  emulsion. heat. Use ample Excessive  softening  of  the ventilation  when  drying emulsion followed by a strong negatives  treated  in hardening  bath,  or  an  alkaline formaldehyde. treatment  followed  by  strong  acid. 10-37







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