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Journalist 3 & 2 - Introduction to Journalism and other reporting practices
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types  of  productions  where  the  talent  remains  immobile at  the  time  of  sound  pickup.  Several  microphones located about the set can accommodate moving talents, but   the   talents   must   position   themselves   near   the microphone before speaking. Most  hanging  microphones  do  not  produce  good audio. If placed too close to walls or overheads, an echo or distorted audio is likely to occur. Hidden The   sound   quality   of   hidden   microphones   is mediocre  at  best,  and  frequently  the  object  they  are hidden in or behind distorts the sound. For this reason, you should use hidden microphones sparingly. One type of hidden microphone is called a contact microphone,   because  it  is  in  direct  contact  with  the object producing the desired sound effect. An example is a microphone attached to a quick-acting watertight door to pickup the sound of the handwheel and dogs. TELEVISION  LIGHTING LEARNING   OBJECTIVE:   Identify   the principles of television lighting. Earlier in this chapter, we noted that the television camera  changes  various  levels  of  light  reflected  from objects in the scene into electrical impulses of varying strength.  Therefore,  the  primary  objective  in  any television  lighting  setup  is  to  ensure  sufficient illumination for the correct operation of the television camera. However, at the same time, television lighting must support or even establish the atmosphere of the set or  scene. Television  lighting  essentially  follows  the  same principles as photographic lighting (Chapter 11). For the sake  of  clarity,  however,  we  will  take  a  brief  look  at lighting as it applies to this medium. COLOR  TEMPERATURE Before   we   cover   the   principles   of   television lighting, we must address color temperature briefly. Color temperature is the amount of certain colors that  make  up  a  particular  white  light  measured  in degrees Kelvin (K). Since the television camera changes images  into  electronic  impulses,  the  wavelengths  of light that vibrate at various frequencies and makeup the different hues or colors will have an effect on the output of the camera. The  simplest  way  to  think  of  color  temperature, without  getting  into  complicated  formulas,  is  to  say  that light of a lower color temperature appears more toward the orange end of the scale, while light of a higher color temperature  appears  more  toward  the  blue  end  of  the scale. Studio lighting is standardized at 3200°K Daylight sources are balanced in the range of 5000°K to 7000°K You  do  not  have  to  know  what  a  degree  Kelvin  is specifically, as long as you accept it as a unit of measure and  know  how  color  temperature  effects  the  color television  picture. STUDIO LIGHTING In this section, we cover the following factors that contribute  to  proper  studio  lighting: l  Three-point  lighting  (key  light,  fill  light  and backlight) l Use of the f/stop l Proper lighting intensity .  Proper  lighting  placement l  Skin  tones Key Light The key light (fig. 14-27) serves as the main light source. It provides sufficient light to operate the camera and  acts  as  the  reference  point  for  all  other  lighting. Place the key light in front of the subject and off to the side at about a 45-degree angle, then elevate it 30 to 35 Figure  14-27.—Key  light. 14-25







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